(What’s Left of) Our Economy: A (Bad Kind of) Bubbly U.S. Trade Report?

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Advanced Technology Products, ATP, bubbles, Canada, China, Eurozone, goods trade, Japan, Made in Washington trade flows, manufacturing, Mexico, non-oil goods trade, services trade, Switzerland, Trade, trade deficit, U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, USMCA, {What's Left of) Our Economy

Wednesday’s latest official report on monthly U.S. trade (for April) showed that the country’s huge and chronic trade deficit soared by a humongous 23.04 percent sequentially – from March’s $60.59 billion to $74.55 billion.

But did that really happen?

I ask because of the unusually big revisions made to the March deficit total: It was downgraded by a stunning (at least for trade data geeks) 5.66 percent, from $64.23 billion to $60.59 billion. That’s the lowest total since the $58.18 billion recorded in September, 2020, when the economy was still shaking off the depressing disruptive effects of the first CCP Virus wave.

It’s not that I doubt that the deficit rose. It’s just that the magnitude counts for a great deal. So it’s OK to be impressed that this reported April level is the highest since last October’s $78.33 billion, and that the increase is the fastest since the weather-affected results of March, 2015 (45.74 percent). But keep in mind throughout this post that this and numerous other large March revisions greatly affect the sequential baseline for judging the April increases and decreases. Therefore they inevitably create doubts about their true extent. And don’t forget that the April data could undergo major revisions, too.

With those caveats in mind, let’s proceed to observe that if the general April trends hold, the new data show that the deficit worsened for the worst possible combination of reasons – exports fell and imports climbed. That discouraging pattern hasn’t appeared since last December, and if it continues, could mean that the economy is transitioning from a period of relatively healthy, sustainable growth that’s led saving and producing to one of worrisome bubble-ized growth, led by borrowing and spending.

In this vein, the goods deficit in April surged from $81.58 billion to $96.11 billion. The level was the highest since last October’s $98.21 billion, and the 17.81 percent pace was the hottest since weather-affected March, 2015’s 25.18 percent. Don’t forget, however – the March goods deficit was downgraded by a whopping 5.79 percent, from $86.59 billion to $81.58 billion. That’s also the lowest total since September, 2020 ($79.25 billion).

Monster revisions also affected the April service trade surplus figure. It represented a 2.73 percent improvement, from $20.99 billion to $21.56 billion. That number is the best since March, 2021’s $21.94 billion and the biggest jump since last October’s 5.90 percent. But the March result was revised down by even more than the total trade deficit or goods deficit results – 6.15 percent (from $22.37 billion).

Combined goods and services exports slid from $258.19 billion to $249.02 billion, a 3.55 percent retreat that took them to the lowest level since March, 2022 ($245.68 billion). And the drop was greatest since peak pandemic-y March, 2020’s 9.48 percent. Revisions to total exports for March weren’t negligible either – 0.80 percent up.

Overall imports in April, however, were up for the first time since September, growing by 1.50 percent, from $318.78 billion to $323.57 billion. That March figure is a 0.50 percent downward revision.

Similar to overall exports, U.S. sales abroad of goods tumbled from $176.46 billion to $167.10 billion. This 5.30 percent contraction pushed goods exports down to their lowest level since February, 2022’s $161.45 billion and the decline was the steepest since peak pandemic-y April, 2020’s 25.52 percent. The March revisions? A 1.23 percent upgrade.

By contrast, services exports edged up in April by 0.22 percent (from $81.73 billion to $81.91 billion) – and set their fifteenth straight record in the process.

The April goods imports increase was the first since December, and at $262.22 billion came in at 2.01 percent higher than the March figure of $258.04 billion. But that number was downwardly revised by a considerable 1.10 percent.

In April, services imports decreased for the first time since last October, dipping by 0.64 percent. The drop was the biggest since January, 2022’s 1.72 percent, but as with most of these other trade figures, was surely affected by the major 2.13 percent revision (in this case, upward) of the March results.

Whereas the March trade figures were dominated by a more than ten-fold monthly jump in the surplus in petroleum products (by $6.40 billion), the results in this category played a less prominent role in the April data – with the surplus shrinking by 3.74 billion.

The April rebound in the combined goods and services trade deficit was led by a 12.19 percent widening of the non-oil goods deficit (which RealityChek regulars know can be called the Made in Washington trade deficit, because it consists of those trade flows most heavily influenced by U.S. trade deals and other policy decisions).

This surge in the Made in Washington deficit amounted to $10.89 billion, the new shortfall of $100.29 billion was the greatest since May, 2022’s $103.30 billion, and the increase was the biggest since the 20.74 percent burst in March, 2022.

These non-oil goods exports slipped from $146.58 billion to $141.73 billion (3.31 percent) and this third straight fall-off pushed the total down to its lowest level since March, 2022 ($142.09 billion).

Non-oil goods imports rose for the first time since December, and by 2.56 percent, from $235.97 billion to $242.01 billion.

RealityChek regulars also know that the Made in Washington trade data are useful because they’re a close proxy for China trade data. Therefore, they can shed light on the effectivensss of the high, sweeping tariffs imposed on imports from China by former President Donald Trump and overwhelmingly continued by President Biden.

The China goods deficit swelled by 22.12 percent in April – about twice as much as the non-oil goods deficit. And the increase from $16.61 billion to $20.28 billion was the biggest in percentage terms since it skyrocketed by 88.77 percent in April, 2020, as China’s economy continued its recovery from the first wave of the CCP Virus.

At the same time, this China goods gap was the second narrowest (after March’s $16.61 billion) since the $11.71 billion of March, 2020 – earlier in the recovery in the People’s Republic.

Goods exports to China drooped by 9.78 percent in April, from $14.18 billion to $12.79 billion. And goods imports advanced by 7.43 percent, from $30.79 billion to $33.08 billion. That total was the highest since January’s $38.25 billion and the biggest increase since the 8.18 percent recorded last August.

Over a longer (and therefore more informative) period, however, the effectiveness of the tariffs can’t be legitimately doubted. Chiefly, on a January through April (year-to-date, or YTD) basis, the U.S. goods trade deficit with China has plummeted by 38.17 percent. The global non-oil goods deficit is off by less than half that – 15.13 percent.

The chronic and immense manufacturing deficit worsened in April, but only modestly – by 3.48 percent, from $109.64 billion to $113.45 billion. The level was the highest since January’s $116.83 billion but well below the record (March, 2022’s $242.22 billion).

April manufacturing exports declined by fully 10.72 percent, from $116.60 billion to $104.100 billion.

That retreat – the biggest by far since pandemic-ridden April, 2020’s 30.15 percent nosedive – prevented the 3.84 percent decrease in manufacturing imports (from $226.24 billion to $217.55 billion) from narrowing the gap or even stabilizing it.

At the same time, the manufacturing deficit just may be turning a corner. On a YTD basis, this shortfall is running 10.92 percent behind last year’s ($439.97 billion versus $493.88 billion. If this trend continues, the yearly manufacturing deficit would decline for the first time since the semi-recessionary year 2009.

Also widening month-to-month in April was the trade gap in advanced technology products (ATP). The increase was 4.53 percent, from $14.31 billion to $14.96 billion.

ATP exports slumped by 12.43 percent, from a record $38.33 billion to $33.57 billion – the biggest decline since January, 2022’s 12.92 percent.

The larger amount of ATP imports drooped, too, with the 7.82 percent decrease (from $52.65 billion to $48.53 billion) representing the biggest monthly decrease also since January, 2022 (12.92 percent).

Geographically, other than with the China flows, the goods trade balance changes with the world’s biggest economies were pretty widely spread out.

The trade shortfall with the U.S.’ fellow signatories of the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) shrank by 1.42 percent.

The goods deficit with the euro area grew by 4.59 percent.

And that with Japan was up by11.81 percent.

And as often the case, all these shifts were dwarfed by a huge (76.35 percent) surge in the often wildly volatile goods trade deficit with Switzerland.

Despite the aforementioned revisions-based uncertainties, however, this April U.S. trade report looks like the latest sign that after an encouraging period of economic growth accompanied by trade deficit shrinkage, the nation is reverting to its decades-long pre-CCP Virus pattern of growth spurring deficit expansion. And as suggested above, if the trend continues, it could usher in yet another stretch of dangerous bubble-ization.

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(What’s Left of) Our Economy: The U.S. Trade Deficit Remains at a Crossroads

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exports, GDP, goods trade, gross domestic product, imports, inflation-adjusted growth, real GDP, real trade deficit, services trade, Trade, trade deficit, {What's Left of) Our Economy

The encouraging streaks weren’t broken by much, but they were broken. That’s the main takeaway from the trade figures contained in last week’s official report on U.S. economic growth – the second look at the results for the first quarter of this year.

The first had consisted of three straight quarters of growth in inflation-adjusted terms (the most closely followed figures and those that will be used in this post unless specified otherwise) while the price-adjusted trade deficit shrank.

This streak was encouraging because it signaled that the economy was expanding mainly via saving and producing rather than by borrowing and spending. In other words, growth was high quality and sustainable, rather than bubbly and bound to end badly if it lasted too long.

Further, this version of the streak was the longest since the period between the first and fourth quarters of 2007 – just before the arrival of the Great Recession spurred by the Global Financial Crisis. I know – that timing doesn’t sound great. But that streak and that crisis were preceded by a long period of rapidly ballooning trade shortfalls.

The second winning streak consisted of four straight quarters of declining trade deficits irrespective of economic growth.

According to the latest read on the first quarter’s improvement in the gross domestic product (or GDP – the standard measure of the economy’s size and how it grows or shrinks), growth actually sped up some over the results of the first read (1.27 percent in annualized terms versus 1.06 percent). So that was good. But rather than dipping by 0.23 percent, from the fourth quarter’s $1.2386 trillion at annual rates to $1.2358 trillion, the combined goods and services trade gap widened sequentially by 0.40 percent, to $1.2435 trillion.

Optimists can argue that this overall deficit number remains the lowest since the $1.2309 trillion recorded in the second quarter of 2021. But pessimists could respond that it didn’t take much extra growth to put the deficit on a rising path once again, and that as a result, any acceleration of growth from the first quarter’s sluggish pace could push U.S. trade accounts deeper into the red – resuming the dominant pattern of recent decades that strapped the nation with gigantic deficits to begin with. For the record, I’m leaning (but not by much) toward that pessimistic take, even though a single quarter’s results are anything but definitive.

Because it was bigger than initially reported, the first quarter deficit now stands at 6.14 percent of real GDP – up from the 6.08 percent calculable from that initial release (which had been the lowest such figure since the 6.06 percent from the second quarter of 2021), and interestingly, right back to its fourth quarter level. But this number is still way better than the record 7.47 percent in the first quarter of 2022.

With the first quarter trade gap now worsening slightly from the first GDP read, just as growth has risen slightly faster, its role in fueling that first quarter growth dwindled to literally nothing. The initial first quarter release reported that the sequential decrease in the trade deficit had contributed 0.11 percentage points to 1.06 percent annualized growth. But now, the modest sequential increase in the trade shortfall is reported to have had no effect on the new 1.27 percent annualized growth figure.

Both results, though, were way down from those of the fourth quarter, when a much bigger sequential trade deficit fall-off accounted for 0.42 percentage points of its 2.55 percent annualized growth.

The larger first quarter trade deficit means that it’s now 49.32 percent higher than in the fourth quarter of 2019 – the last full-data quarter before the pandemic arrived stateside in force to roil the economy. The initial first quarter read pegged this increase at 48.39 percent, and as of the fourth quarter, it was 48.73 percent.

Total exports climbed in the first quarter by 1.18 percent in the first quarter, from $2.5796 trillion to a new record $2.6101 trillion. The first quarter result topped the previous all-time high of $2.6041 trillion in the third quarter of last year by 0.23 percent. These overseas sales have now increased by 1.49 percent since that immediately pre-pandemic-y fourth quarter of 2019. As of last year’s fourth quarter, they were a bare 0.30 percent higher.

At least total exports in the first quarter rose even faster (by 1.26 percnt sequentially) than originally estimated (1.18 percent). The new total of $2.6122 trillion annualized was still a new record, nosing out the previous first quarter total of $2.6101 trillion by 0.08 percent. And it beat the previous quarterly all-time high of $2.6041 trillion in last year’s third quarter by 0.31 percent.

As a result, combined goods and services exports are 1.57 percent greater of the immediate pre-pandemic level versus the 1.49 percent calculable from the initial first quarter read and the measly 0.30 percent improvement over the fourth quarter total.

Total imports in the first quarter rose faster than originally reported, too. In that first read, they increased sequentially by 0.73 percent, from $3.8182 trillion at annual rates to $3.8460 trillion. Last week, this sequential gain was revised up to 0.98 percent, for a total of $3.8556 trillion – 0.25 percent higher than that estimated last month.

As a result, combined goods and services imports have now grown by 13.24 percent since that last pre-pandemic full-data quarter total in the fourth quarter of 2019 – higher than the 12.96 percent calculable last month and the 12.14 percent as of the fourth quarter of last year.

The trade shortfall in goods encouragingly kept on decreasing for the fourth straight quarter as of the new first quarter read – a span last matched between the second quarters of 2019 and pandemic-ridden 2020. It also remained the lowest number since the $1.3965 trillion at annual rates of the second quarter of 2021. But the decrease is now judged to be 0.52 percent less than initially judged, with the new number standing at $1.4101 trillion versus $1.4028 trillion. And it’s now up 0.57 percent since the fourth quarter rather than the 1.09 percent calculable previously.

Moreover, these results pushed the goods deficit’s rise since the pandemic began roiling the U.S. economy from 32.21 percent versus the 31.52 percent calculable last month. As of the fourth quarter, this increase was 32.96 percent.

Goods exports came in even better than previously reported. In the first release for the first quarter, they rose sequentially by 3.41 percent, from the fourth quarter’s annualized $1.8468 trillion to a new record $1.9098 trillion. That total surpassed the old record of $1.9010 trillion in the third quarter of 2022 by 0.47 percent.

But the second release boosted that quarterly rise by 0.08 percent. The record total therefore climbed to $1.9113 trillion, and the improvement over the fourth quarter to 3.49 percent. In addition, goods exports are now up by 6.99 percent since the immediately pre-pandemic-y fourth quarter of 2019, versus the 6.90 percent calculable last month.

Goods imports expanded more in the second first quarter GDP read than in the initial, but the rate was much lower than that for goods exports. As opposed to the 0.90 percent sequential increase recorded last month (from $3.2830 trillion annualized in the fourth quarter to $3.3126 trillion), the new mark is now judged to be $3.3214 trillion – 0.27 percent greater than the initial read, and 1.17 percent higher than the fourth quarter total.

These results still represent the first increase in goods imports in three quarters, and have brought the gain since the fourth quarter of 2019 to 16.41 percent versus the 16.11 percent calculable last month.

At the same time, the longstanding surplus in services trade shrank sequentially more in the first quarter than initially reported. As of last month’s release, it had declined by 5.63 percent from the fourth quarter – from $177.7 billion to $167.7 billion. And this drop was the biggest since the 20.94 percent in the second quarter of 2021.

But in the new release, the sequential decrease came in at 5.91 percent (still the biggest pullback since the second quarter of 2021), and the new total was an annualized $167.2 billion – a dip of 0.30 percent from the previously reported first quarter total. So rather than having shriveled by 28.08 percent since the just before the pandemic’s arrival in force in the fourth quarter of 2019, the surplus in this sector – which was hit so hard by CCP Virus and its fallout – is now 29.09 smaller.

The sequential slippage in services exports is now seen as not having been quite so steep as reported in the previous first quarter GDP release. Then, at $721.1 billion at annual rates, it was 1.41 percent below the fourth quarter total of $731.4 billion. Now, the first quarter total is estimated at $721.6 billion – 0.07 percent better than that initial first quarter figure and down 1.36 percent from the fourth quarter level.

Consequently, services exports have drawn to within 8.29 percent of their immediate pre-pandemic total, versus the 8.35 percent shortfall calculable last month.

But rather than having tumbled a bit sequentially in the first quarter, as reported in last month’s release, services imports are now judged to have risen slightly. Last month, these purchases were reported to have been $553.4 billion at annual rates – 0.05 percent below the fourth quarter’s $553.7 billion. Now they’re pegged at $554.4 billion – 0.18 percent above the previous first quarter read and 0.13 percent above that fourth quarter total.

Services imports now have reportedly grown by 0.62 percent since that last full-data pre-pandemic fourth quarter of 2019, versus the 0.44 percent gain recorded last month. As of the fourth quarter of last year, this increase stood at 0.49 percent.

As mentioned at the start, these new trade and GDP results could mean that any speed up in U.S. economic growth could bring about renewed growth of the trade deficit – confirming the end of a streak of continued growth and falling deficits. But with the experts seemingly divided in their second quarter growth forecasts (see, e.g., here) the safest observation for now seems to be that the deficit’s course remains at much the same crossroads as described in my previous trade and GDP post.

(What’s Left of) Our Economy: Energy Drove the U.S. Trade Deficit Drop in a March Full of Records

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Advanced Technology Products, China, energy, European Union, exports, Germany, goods trade, imports, Made in Washington trade flows, manufacturing, Mexico, Netherlands, non-oil goods trade, oil, petroleum products, services trade, Trade, trade deficit, {What's Left of) Our Economy

The monthly improvement in the U.S. deficit in March revealed in today’s official U.S. trade report was first and foremost an energy story – not that other noteworthy developments couldn’t be found, specifically records in manufacturing and in American trade with several leading partner countries and regions, and big changes in goods trade with China.

The combined goods and services trade gap narrowed sequentially on month by 9.08 percent, from an upwardly revised $70.64 billion to $64.23 billion. The March total was the lowest since November’s $60.65 billion.

Moreover, the deficit shrank in the best possible way. Total exports rose by 2.12 percent, from a downwardly revised $250.84 billion to $256.15 billion, while total imports dipped (and for the second straight month) by 0.34 percent, from an upgraded $321.48 billion to $320.38 billion. And this trade deficit progress took place when the economy was still growing (albeit at a significantly slowing rate).

And of the $5.31 billion sequential increase in total exports, $4.68 billion (88.14 percent) came in the petroleum products category. In fact, these foreign sales grew at the fastest monthly rate (21.26 percent) since March, 2022 (28.22 percent).

Largely as a result, the goods deficit tumbled in March by 6.92 percent, from $93.03 billion to $86.59 billion – their lowest level since last November, too. ($83.02 billion).

Indeed, petroleum products exports accounted for 89.66 percent of the $5.22 billion expansion of goods exports. On a relative basis, these foreign sales climbed by 3.09 percent, from a downwardly revised $169.09 billion to $174.31 billion.

Goods imports, meanwhile, decreased for the second straight month as well, by 0.47 percent, from a downwardly revised $262.12 billion to $260.90 billion.

The longstanding surplus in services trade slipped in March by 0.11 percent, from a downwardly revised $22.39 billion to $22.37 billion – the lowest level since October’s fractionally higher figure.

Services exports improved by 0.11 percent, from a downwardly revised $81.75 billion to a second straight record of $81.84 billion. The new total topped the old $81.32 billion mark from last December by 0.65 percent.

Services imports, meanwhile, advanced by 0.20 percent, from a downwardly revised $59.36 billion to $59.48 billion – the second highest total ever behind last September’s $59.55 billion.

The huge and longstanding U.S. goods trade deficit with China became a good deal less huge in March, sinking for the second straight month – and by 12.59 percent, fom $19.00 billion to $16.61 billion. Further, that total was the lowest since the $15.76 billion hit in February, 2020 – when China’s economy was still grappling with the devastating first wave of the CCP Virus.

U.S. goods exports to the People’s Republic shot up by 22.06 percent sequentially in March – from $11.62 billion to $14.18 billion. The new total is the highest since last November’s $15.58 billion, and the rate of increase the fastest since last October’s 31.33 percent.

For some perspective, though, this big March increase followed a sizable 11.26 percent decrease in February.

U.S. goods imports from China inched up for the second straight month, but by just 0.55 percent, from $30.62 billion to $30.79 billion. And those two totals are the lowest since early in China’s recovery from that first 2020 virus wave.

Most strikingly, on a year-to-date basis, the U.S. goods deficit with China has cratered by a whopping 39.85 percent, from $101.04 billion to $60.77 billion.

These results, moreover, clash loudly with those of the U.S. worldwide non-oil goods trade – which as known by RealityChek regulars is a close proxy for U.S.-China goods trade.

The U.S. non-oil goods deficit (which can also be considered the “Made in Washington” deficit because it tracks trade flows most strongly influenced by U.S. trade deals and other policy decisions) worsened by 0.19 percent between February and March – from $92.19 billion to $92.36 billion. So China goods trade performed better sequentially on this basis.

U.S. goods exports to China were up in March much faster than the 0.25 percent gain in non-oil goods exports (from $145.80 billion to $146.16 billion).

As for non-oil goods imports, they increased by just 0.23 percent in March (from $237.98 billion to $238.52 billion) – not dramatically different from the China goods performance.

But the year-to-date contrast is enormous. Whereas the U.S. goods deficit with China nosedived by nearly 40 percent, for non-oil goods trade, it fell by less than half that – 17.80 percent, from $336.25 billion to $276.40 billion.

That makes it hard to avoid concluding that the Trump (now Trump-Biden) tariffs keep punishing China (along with Beijing’s own-goals ranging from last year’s wildly over-the-top Zero Covid policies to increasing harassment of U.S.- and other foreign-owned companies) but not simply by diverting imports and trade to other countries and regions. Domestic American producers must be getting some of that old China business as well.

The manufacturing trade deficit, however, worsened by 9.08 percent in March, from $100.05 billion to $109.64 billion. True, this increase followed a 14.36 percent drop in February, but it can’t be good news given the sector’s recent weakness.

Interestingly, this deterioration reflected major changes in both monthly exports and imports. The former soared by 18.91 percent, from $98.06 billion to a new record $116.60 billion (which topped the previous mark of $114.78 billion set last June by 1.58 percent).

Industry’s foreign purchases jumped by 14.20 percent, from $198.10 billion to $226.24 billion.

Big monthly changes and a record were also recorded in Advanced Technology Products (ATP) trade in March. The ATP deficit dropped from $16.23 billion to $14.31 billion. The 11.82 percent narrowing brought the gap to its smallest since February, 2022’s $13.42 billion.

ATP exports shot up from $29.12 billion to a new all-time high $38.33 billion. And the 31.65 percent increase was the most dramatic since March, 2002’s 31.94 percent.

Imports surged, too – by 16.09 percent, from $45.35 billion to $52.65 billion. And that upswing was he fastest since the 33.64 percent burst of last March.

On the regional and bilateral fronts, many of the most dramatic developments came in U.S. goods trade with Europe.

America racked up its biggest exports total ever to the European Union ($34.96 billion – 12.04 percent greater than the $31.20 billion level hit last March) and bought its second greatest total of imports ($50.82 billion, a number trailing only last October’s $53.07 billion).

The volatile U.S. surplus with the Netherlands skyrocketed by 116.40 percent on month, from $1.84 billion to $3.98 billion, keyed by record exports of $7.76 billion. That smashed the previous mark of $6.96 billion by 11.50 percent.

U.S. goods exports to Germany achieved an all-time high, too, with the $7.50 billion figure exceeding the old record of $6.62 billion, set last March, by 13.20 percent.

The U.S. goods deficit with Mexico reached its highest ever, too, in March, with the $13.55 billion total coming in 8.25 percent higher than the old record of $12.57 billion from August, 2020. American goods sales to Mexico totaled $29.27 billion – their second best performance ever after last August’s $29.98 billion. But imports reached a new record of $42.82 billion – 5.87 percent greater than last March’s $40.45 billion mark.

(What’s Left of) Our Economy: The Real Trade Deficit at a Crossroads

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exports, Federal Reserve, GDP, goods trade, gross domestic product, imports, inflation, inflation-adjusted growth, real GDP, real trade deficit, recession, services trade, Trade, trade deficit, {What's Left of) Our Economy

Today’s first official estimate of U.S. economic growth in the first quarter of this year was one of the most peculiar reports in this series I can remember.

On the one hand, this read (which will be revised twice in the next two months) showed a 1.06 percent improvement after inflation at annual rates in America’s gross domestic product (GDP – the standard measure of an economy’s size). That’s a marked slowdown from the fourth quarter’s 2.55 percent real annualized growth. So not great economic news.

On the other hand, price-adjusted GDP still grew, and the price-adjusted total trade deficit slipped. In fact, it shrank for the third straight time while the economy expanded. That kind of streak hasn’t been seen since the period between the first and fourth quarters of 2007 – just before the arrival of the Great Recession spurred by the Global Financial Crisis.

Despite that reference, that’s encouraging economic news, since it indicates that the growth, however measly per se, remained healthy quality-wise. In other words, it stemmed more from producing than from spending – the opposite result from the typical consumption-led growth pattern usually signaled by a widening rising trade gap.

Specifically, in the first quarter, the constant dollar goods and services trade deficit dipped by 0.23 percent, from the fourth quarter’s inflation-adjusted $1.2386 trillion to $1.2358 trillion. (After-inflation figures at annual rates will be the measure used in this post unless otherwise specified.) The drop was also the fourth straight sequential decrease of any kind – which hadn’t happened since the year between the second quarters of 2019 and 2020.  The end of that period, of course, is when the economy began suffering the effects of the CCP Virus. And the new level is the lowest since the $1.2309 trillion recorded in the second quarter of 2021.

The first quarter deficit represented 6.08 percent of the after-inflation GDP – down from the fourth quarter’s 6.14 percent and also the lowest such figure since the second quarter of 2021 (6.06 percent). All these numbers are way below the record of 7.47 percent in the first quarter of 2022.

Not surprisingly, though, the slight contraction in the overall trade deficit contributed little to first quarter growth either in absolute or relative terms – fueling just 0.11 percentage points of the 1.06 percent advance. In the fourth quarter, the reduction in the goods and services deficit accounted for 0.42 percentage points of the 2.55 percent growth.

The first quarter data left the total trade shortfall 48.39 percent greater than the amount in the fourth quarter of 2019 – the final full data quarter before the pandemic arrived stateside in force. As of the fourth quarter, it had been 48.73 percent higher.

Total exports climbed in the first quarter by 1.18 percent, from $2.5796 trillion to a new record $2.6101 trillion. The first quarter result topped the previous all-time high of $2.6041 trillion (in the third quarter of last year) by 0.23 percent. These overseas sales have now increased by 1.49 percent since that immediately pre-pandemic-y fourth quarter of 2019. As of last year’s fourth quarter, they were a bare 0.30 percent higher.

Total imports in the first quarter rose for the first time in three quarters – by 0.73 percent, from $3.2830 trillion to $3.8460 trillion. These purchases now top the fourth quarter, 2019 total by 12.96 percent. As of the fourth quarter of last year, they were up by 12.14 percent.

The trade shortfall in goods dipped by 1.09 percent sequentially, from $1.4182 trillion to $1.4028 trillion. This fourth straight decrease matched that of the span between the second quarters of 2019 and pandemic-ridden 2020, and the level was the lowest since the $1.3965 trillion from the second quarter of 2021. This deficit is now 31.52 percent greater than just before the CCP Virus began roiling the economy, versus 32.96 percent growth as of the fourth quarter of 2022.

Goods exports reached an all-time high as well, increasing from the fourth quarter’s $1.8468 trillion to $1.9098 trillion. The old record of $1.9010 trillion in the third quarter of 2022 was 0.46 percent lower. These exports have now risen by 6.90 percent since the last pre-pandemic fourth quarter of 2019, versus the 4.38 percent growth as of last year’s fourth quarter.

As with total imports, goods imports rose for the first time in three quarters, too. The advance was 0.73 percent, from $3.8182 trillion to $3.8460 trillion, and it brought the post-fourth quarter, 2019 increase to 12.96 percent. As of last year’s fourth quarter, the increase was 12.14 percent.

The surplus in services trade, a major CCP Virus-era victim, sank in the first quarter sequentially from $177.7 billion to $167.7 billion. The 5.63 percent pull-back was the biggest since the 20.94 percent nosedive in the second quarter of 2021. Yet it also followed big third and fourth quarter jumps of 9.44 percent and 8.69 percent, respectively.

Still, the services surplus is down 28.88 percent since the fourth quarter of 2019, versus the 24.64 percent fall-off as of fourth quarter, 2022.

Services exports fell 1.41 percent in the first quarter, from $731.4 billion to $721.1 billion. This decrease was the first since the second quarter of 2020 – the first quarter heavily affected by the virus. Consequently, these sales are off by 8.35 percent since the last pre-pandemic quarter, versus the 7.04 percent calculable as of last year’s fourth quarter.

Services imports contracted only from $553.7 billion to $553.4 billion, but the decrease was the third straight. These purchases have now risen by 0.44 percent since the arrival of the CCP Virus in force, versus the 0.49 percent calculable as of the previous quarter.

With the new feeble first quarter growth figure seeming to indicate surging odds of an imminent recession, the real trade gap presumably will keep narrowing, too. But the economy is still being distorted by the virus and Washington’s roller-coaster responses.

As I’ve written, the current slowdown – due to the Federal Reserve’s inflation-fighting efforts – could well stabilize and even reverse itself if the central bank pauses or ends its credit tightening for fear of bringing on a hard landing, and if politicians succumb to election-year temptations to keep voters happy with added government spending. In that case (the one I consider likeliest), the real trade deficit could well be headed higher once again, too.    

 

(What’s Left of) Our Economy: The New U.S. GDP Figures Remained a Mixed Bag on Trade

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banking crisis, consumers, consumption, exports, Federal Reserve, GDP, goods trade, gross domestic product, imports, inflation, inflation-adjusted growth, interest rates, monetary policy, real GDP, real trade deficit, services trade, Trade, trade deficit, {What's Left of) Our Economy

The third (and final for now) official read on U.S. economic growth in the fourth quarter of last year and full-year 2022 came in on Thursday, and the trade results strongly resembled those of the first and second reports on the increase in the gross domestic product (GDP): definite progress on reducing the ginormous trade deficit on a quarterly basis, but backsliding on an annual basis.

The one area in which revisions were noteworthy: services trade, which was hit so hard by the CCP Virus and consequent limits on in-person service industries, and which most economists agree is harder to measure than goods trade.

As with my last two posts on the trade highlights of these growth reports, we’ll start with the quarterly figures – and present them in inflation-adjusted annualized terms (those most closely followed by GDP observers) except when otherwise specified.

The new data show that the combined goods and services trade deficit contracted by 2.38 percent sequentially in the fourth quarter – from $1.2688 trillion to $1.2386 trillion. The previous report pegged this shrinkage at 2.40 percent (to $1.2384 trillion). So the latest revision was a slight improvement.

Moreover, these numbers mean that the deficit still fell for the third consecutive quarter – the first such span since the period from the second quarter of 2019 through the second quarter of 2020. And the statistics are still especially heartening since that stretch includes the CCP Virus’ arrival in the United States, which naturally depressed imports and the trade deficit by crushing the entire economy, including of course demand for all goods and services, By contrast, during last year’s third and fourth quarters, the economy expanded.

In fact, that two-quarter stretch of the economy expanding and the trade deficit decreasing was the longest since the span between the second quarter of 2019 and the first quarter of 2020. This combination signals growth relying more on the healthy recipe of investing and producing rather than on the crutch of borrowing and spending.

Moreover, the new fourth quarter level of $1.2386 trillion for the overall trade gap remains the lowest since the $1.2039 trillion recorded in the second quarter of 2021. The only discouraging note: During the second and third quarters of last year, the shortfall declined because exports rose and imports fell – the best of all possible trade flow worlds. During the fourth quarter, however, although both exports and imports retreated.

Also, the combined goods and services deficit is now 48.73 percent larger than in the fourth quarter of 2019 – the last quarter before the pandemic arrived state-side in force and began roiling and distorting economic activity. That’s a bit higher than calculable from last month’s GDP release (47.98 percent) but a sizable improvement over the 52.35 percent growth as of the third quarter.

Because the total trade deficit inched up from the second to the third GDP reports, so did its share of after-inflation GDP – from 6.13 percent to 6.14 percent. But this figure was higher in the third quarter (6.33 percent), and the fourth quarter result is still well below the record 7.47 percent, reached in the first quarter of 2022.

As a contributor to fourth quarter growth, trade decreased in both relative and absolute terms over the results from the second GDP read – from having added 0.46 percentage points (17.36 percent) to a 2.65 percent sequential expansion to accounting for 0.42 percentage points (16.47 percent) of 2.55 percent quarterly growth.

Both sets of figures, though, are way off their third quarter counterparts – when trade fueled nearly all (2.86 percentage points) of 3.20 percent growth. That was the biggest absolute amount in 42 years, though far from a long-term high in relative terms.

Put differently, had the deficit not changed from the second to third GDP releases for the fourth quarter, the economy would have grown not by 2.55 percent but by a considerably slower 2.13 percent. The comparable previous figures for the fourth quarter were growth of 2.19 instead of 2.65 percent.

The new GDP report shows that exports dropped more in the fourth quarter than previously estimated. The second read pegged the quarterly decline at 0.41 percent – from the third quarters’s record $2.6041 trillion to $2.5934 trillion. This slippage was the first since the first quarter of 2022.

Today’s results judged the decrease from the third quarter to be nearly twice as big (0.94 percent) – to $2.5796 trillion. At least it was still the second best total ever.

Nonetheless, the increase in total exports since the last pre-pandemic-y fourth quarter of 2019 is now just 0.30 percent. As of the previous read, it was 0.84 percent, and as of the third quarter, 1.26 percent.

By contrast, at an annualized $3.8317 trillion, the latest total real import figure was fractionally higher than that in last month’s GDP report, but 1.06 lower than the third quarter result – a dropoff steeper than that of exports. Moreover, this second straight quarterly decrease is still the longest since the year between the second quarter of 2019 and the peak pandemic-y second quarter of 2020. And since the last full pre-pandemic fourth quarter of 2019, they’re up just 12.54 percent as opposed to the 12.43 percent calculable last month and the 13.75 percent since the third quarter.

As for total real imports, they’re now pegged at $3.8182 trillion for the fourth quarter – 0.35 percent lower than the previous estimate of $3.8317 trillion, and 1.41 percent from the third quarter result.

But the sequential decrease is still the second straight – the longest such stretch since that CCP Virus-influenced year between the second quarter of 2019 and the second quarter of 2020. And since just before the pandemic’s arrival in force, overall imports are now up just 12.14 percent – versus the 12.43 percent calculable from last month’s report and the 13.75 percent as of the third quarter.

This latest fourth quarter GDP report pegged the trade deficit in goods at $1.4182 trillion – down from the previous read by 0.26 percent and from the third quarter total by 0.99 percent.

The goods trade gap, moreover, still decreased for the third straight quarter – a development that hasn’t been seen since the pandemic-heavy fourth quarter, 2019 to second quarter, 2020 period. And it remained the lowest total since the $1.4647 trillion recorded for the fourth quarter of 2021.

As a result, this trade shortfall is now 32.96 percent during the post-fourth quarter, 2019 period, down from the 33.31 percent calculable from the last GDP release and 34.30 percent as of the third quarter.

America’s trade in services is still in surplus, as has long been the case, but the fourth quarter estimate has now been lowered by fully 2.42 percent from the previous read – from $182.1 billion to $177.7 billion. But it’s still 8.69 percent higher than the third quarter result of 163.5 billion.

The previous GDP report pegged this service trade surplus as 22.77 percent below its immediate pre-pandemic level of $235.8 billion. Now it’s sunk to 24.64 percent below. Through the third quarter, the decrease was 30.66 percent.

The new GDP release shows fourth quarter goods exports to be $1.8648 trillion – which still represents their first sequential shrinkage since the third quarter of 2021. This figure is up fractionally from that in the previous read, and 2.37 percent below the record third quarter total of $1.9010 trillion.

These fourth quarter exports stayed at 4.38 percent above their immediate pre-pandemic level. As of the third quarter, they were 6.92 percent greater.

According to the second fourth quarter GDP release, constant dollar goods imports in the fourth quarter still decreased for the third consecutive time – the longest stretch since the economically weak period between the fourth quarter of 2019 through the second quarter of 2020.

At $3.2830 trillion, these purchases from abroad were down 0.11 percent from the previous estimate of $3.2866 trillion, and 1.51 percent from the third quarter’s $3.3334 trillion. And they still remained the lowest such total since the $3.2582 trillion from the fourth quarter of 2021.

Goods imports are now 15.07 percent higher than in the immediately pre-pandemic-y fourth quarter of 2019, versus the 15.19 percent increase calculable in last month’s GDP release. and the 16.83 percent increase as of the third quarter.

Big revisions were made in the fourth quarter services exports figures, however. Previously judged to be $744.1 billion (up 2.99 percent from the third quarter’s $722.5 billion), they’re now estimated at $731.4 billion. That’s fully 17.07 percent lower.

As a result, they’re now up just 1.23 percent from the third quarter, and down 7.04 percent since just before the CCP Virus’ arrival state-side in late, 2019, versus the 5.43 percent calculable from the previous GDP release.

What hasn’t changed: Services exports have still shrunk for an unprecedented ten consecutive quarters.

Revisions were also noteworthy for fourth quarter services imports. Previously reported at $562.0 billion (0.54 percent more than the third quarter’s $559.0 billion) they’re now pegged at $553.7 billion (0.95 percent less). And the downgrade from that previous fourth quarter total is 1.48 percent.

Services imports have still declined on a quarterly basis two straight times – for the first time since the pandemic-dominated year between the second quarter of 2019 through the second quarter of 2020. But since the virus’ arrival in force, services imports have now grown by just 0.49 percent, versus the1.56 percent calculable from the previous fourth quarter GDP release and the 1.47 percent increase as of the third quarter.

As with the first two fourth quarter GDP reports, the annual figures in the new release were worse than the quarterlies, but the differences were smaller because a longer timeframe is involved.

The final (for now) 2022 overall trade deficit of $1.3567 trillion (we’re no longer annualizing numbers) was just fractionally higher than the total in the second read, and represented both the ninth straight yearly increase and the ninth straight yearly record. The gap topped 2021’s total of $1.2334 trillion by ten percent.

This trade shortfall’s share of GDP ticked up, too, from the 6.77 percent calculable from the previous GDP read to 6.78 percent, and set an annual record for the third straight year. The third quarter figure was 6.29 percent.

The deficit’s subtraction from to economic growth last year was scaled down a bit in relative terms, from the 0.40 percentage points of 2.07 percent GDP expansion reported in the previous GDP release to 0.40 percentage points of 2.08 percent growth. In other words, without the rise in the gap, 2022 growth would have been 2.48 percent – or 19.23 percent higher.

But the deficit’s 2022 impact on growth differed dramatically from the results from 2021, when the gap subtracted 1.25 percentage points from that year’s 5.95 percent growth.

The total for the combined goods and services exports deficit`changed only marginally as well – from the $2.5378 trillion reported in the previous GDP release to $2.5344 trillion, a difference of 0.13 percent.

As a result, overall exports swelled from 2021’s $2.3668 trillion by 7.08 percent, not the 7.22 percent increase recorded in the previous GDP release. As of that previous report, this increase was the fastest since 2010’s 12.88 percent – when the economy was recovering from the Great Recession that followed the Global Financial Crisis. Now however, it’s slipped back to the fastest since 2011’s 7.17 percent. But the annual improvement is still the second straight.

Yet the estimate for last year’s combined goods and services imports edged down from that in the previous GDP read – by 0.09 percent, from $3.8944 trillion to $3.8910 trillion. As a result, these foreign purchases are now 8.08 percent above those of 2021’s $3.6002 trillion, not the 8.17 percent calculable from the previous release.

All the same, total imports still rose in 2022 for the second straight year, and set a second straight annual record.

The goods trade deficit was revised down fractionally, too – by 0.06 percent, from $1.5228 trillion to $1.5219 trillion. Consequently, this trade shortfall is now pegged at 7.62 percent greater than 2021’s $1.4141 trillion, not 7.69 percent higher.

But these downgrades still left the 2022 goods trade gap as the fourth straight annual record and the thirteenth straight annual increase. The latter is the longest such streak ever in a data series going back to 2002.

Also revised down – the longstanding services trade surplus in services. Reported in the previous GDP read at $162.3 billion, it’s now estimated at a 0.74 percent narrower $161.1 billion.

These new results left the 2022 services surplus 6.72 percent lower than 2021’s $172.7 billion level – instead of the 5.91 percent difference calculable from the previous release. The services surplus has still, however, contracted for the fifth straight year – the longest such period since these data began to be collected in 2002, and the 2022 total is still the lowest since 2010’s $158.6 billion.

Goods exports stayed unrevised in the latest GDP release at $1.8377. So their 2022 level was still 6.29 percent greater than 2021’s $1.7289 trillion, and the absolute total remained the second consecutive yearly increase and a new record – topping 2019’s $1.7915 trillion by 2.61 percent.

The 2022 goods imports estimate dipped by just 0.03 percent – from the previous GDP report’s $3.3605 trillion to $3.3596 trillion. The annual increase went from the 6.92 percent calculable from the previous GDP read to 6.89 percent, but the absolute 2022 figure remained a second straight all-time high.

The 2022 services exports total was also downgraded in the latest GDP report. Previously judged to be $717.3 billion, they’re now recorded at a 0.45 percent lower $714.1 billion. The increase over 2021’s $6.56.9 billion level also fell – from 9.19 percent to 8.71 percent. But it’s still the strongest improvement since 2007’s 13.08 percent spurt, and the annual advance is still the second straight.

Finally, the 2022 services import level was revised down as well, falling by 0.36 percent from the previous GDP report’s $555 billion to $553 billion. But the 14.21 percent annual increase was still the fastest ever, besting even 2021’s rapid 12.27 percent.

In last month’s report on the previous GDP release, I argued that because the latest domestic economic developments pointed to more consumer spending, and greater reluctance by the Federal Reserve to fight it with ever tighter monetary policies, the U.S. trade deficit looked set to resume rising.

Since then, another big reason for more Fed caution in inflation-fighting has of course emerged – the recent outbreak of turmoil in the banking system.  All else equal, the drop in lending that seems likely to take place should generate slower spending by both businesses and consumers.  Therefore, it should aid the anti-inflation fight without the need for a hard-line on interest rates and even shrinking the money supply from its current bloated levels.

Fed Chair Jerome Powell even said in his latest press conference that “you can think of [the lending effect of the banking woes] as being the equivalent of a rate hike or perhaps more than that….”    

But all else isn’t equal.  In particular, U.S. consumers overall are still flush with cash and as the next presidential election draws nearer, politicians will be increasingly tempted to prop up growth, employment, and therefore more consumption with more government stimulus.  So I remain convinced that despite the progess seen in the fourth quarter per se, the trade deficit is likely to start ballooning again.         

(What’s Left of) Our Economy: A Deceptively Calm January for U.S. Trade?

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Advanced Technology Products, ATP, Biden, Buy American, Canada, CCP Virus, China, Donald Trump, European Union, exports, Federal Reserve, goods trade, imports, India, Inflation Reduction Act, infrastructure, Japan, Made in Washington trade flows, manufacturing, monetary policy, non-oil goods trade, semiconductors, services trade, stimulus, Taiwan, tariffs, Trade, trade deficit, Ukraine War, Zero Covid, {What's Left of) Our Economy

Pretty calm on the surface, pretty turbulent underneath. That’s a good way to look at yesterday’s official release of the U.S. trade figures for January. Many of the broadest trade balance figures moved little from their December levels, but the details revealed many multi-month and even multi-year highs, lows, and changes – along with one all-time high (the goods deficit with India).

The combined goods and services deficit most strongly conveyed the impression of relatively calm trade waters. It rose sequentially for the second straight month, but only by 1.61 percent, from a downwardly revised $67.21 billion to $68.29 billion.

The trade shortfall in goods narrowed, but by even less – 0.69 percent, from an upwardly revised $90.71 billion to $90.09 billion.

More volatility was displayed by the services trade surplus. It sank for the first time in two months, from upwardly revised $23.50 billion (its highest monthly total since December, 2019’s $24.56 billion – just before the CCP Virs’ arrival stateside) to $21.80 billion. Moreover, this shrinkage (7.26 percent) was the greatest since last May’s 11.05 percent.

Meanwhile, total U.S. exports in January expanded sequentially for the first time since August. And the the 3.41 percent rise, from a downwardly revised $249.00 billion to $257.50 billion was the biggest since April’s 3.62 percent.

Goods exports in January also registered their first monthly increase since August, with the 6.02 percent improvement (from a downwardly revised $167.69 billion to $177.79 billion) the biggest since October, 2021’s 9.09 percent.

Services exports dipped on month in January, from a downwardly revised $81.32 billion to $79.71 billion. And the 1.98 percent decrease was the biggest since last January’s 3.05 percent. But the December total was the highest on record, and the seventh straight all-time high over the preceding nine months, so January could be a mere bump in the services export recovery road.

On the import side, total U.S. purchases from abroad advanced for the second straight month in January, with the 3.03 percent increase (from a downwardly revised $316.21 billion to $325.79 billion standing as the biggest since last March’s 9.64 percent.

Goods imports were up, too – from a downwardly revised $258.40 billion to $267.88 billion. The climb was the second straight, too, and its 3.67 percent growth rate also the biggest since March (11.00 percent).

Services imports in January were up for the first time since September, but by a mere 0.17 percent, from a downwardly revised $57.81 billlion to $57.91 billion.

Also changing minimally in January – the non-oil goods deficit (which RealityChek regulars know can be considered the Made in Washington trade deficit, since non-oil goods are the trade flows most heavily influenced by U.S. trade agreements and other trade policy decision. The 0.32 percent month-to-month decline brought this trade shortfall from $91.97 billion to $91.68 billion.

Since Made in Washington trade is the closest global proxy to U.S.-China goods trade, comparing trends in the two can indicate the effectiveness of the Trump-Biden China tariffs, which cover hundreds of billions of dollars worth of Chinese products aimed at the U.S. maket.

In January, the huge, longstanding U.S. goods trade gap with China widened by 7.01 percent, from $23.51 billion to $25.16 billion. That third straight increase contrasts sharply with the small dip in the non-oil goods deficit – apparently strengthening the China tariffs critics’ case.

Yet on a January-January basis, the China deficit is down much more (30.82 percent) than its non-oil goods counterpart (14.07 percent). The discrepancy, moreover, looks too great to explain simply by citing China’s insanely over-the-top and economy-crushing Zero Covid policies. So the tariffs look to be significantly curbing U.S. China goods trade, too.

U.S. goods exports to China fell for the third straight month in January – by 5.05 percent, from $13.79 billion to $13.09 billion.

America’s goods imports from China increased in January for the second straight month – by 2.55 percent, from $37.30 billion to $38.25 billion.

Revealingly, however, on that longer-term January-to-January basis, these purchases are off by 20.50 percent (from $47.85 billion). The non-oil goods import figure has actually inched up by just 0.71 percent – which also strengthens the China tariffs case.

The even larger, and also longstanding, manufacturing trade deficit resumed worsened in January, rising for the first time in three months. The 2.83 percent sequential increase brought the figure from $113.61 billion – the lowest figure, though, since last February’s $106.49 billion.

Manufacturing exports declined by 3.01 percent, from $105.71 billion to $102.52 billion – the weakest such performance since last February’s $94.55 billion.

The much greater value of manufacturing imports rose fractionally, from $219.31 billlion to $219.36 billion – also near the lows of the past year.

In advanced technology products (ATP), the trade gap narrowed by 11.36 percent in January, from $18.45 billion to $16.35 billion. The contraction was the third in a row, and pushed this deficit down to its lowest level since last February’s $13.42 billion.

ATP exports were down 8.78 percent, from $35.16 billion to $32.07 billion – their lowest level since last May’s $31.25 billion. And ATP imports sank by 9.68 percent, from $53.60 billion to a $48.42 billion total that was the smallest since last February’s $42.44 billion.

Big January moves took place in U.S. goods trade with major foreign economies, though much of this commerce often varies wildly from month to month.

The goods deficit with Canada, America’s biggest trade partner, jumped by 39.02 percent on month in January, from $5.09 billion to $7.07 billion. The increase was the second straight, the new total the highest since last July’s $8.47 billion, and the growth rate the fastest since last March’s 47.61 percent.

But the goods shortfall with the European Union decreased by 10.83 percent, from $18.36 billion to $16.37 billion. The drop was the third straight, the new total the lowet since last September’s $14.44 billion, and the shrinkage the fastest since last July’s 19.97 percent.

For volatility, it’s tough to beat U.S. goods trade with Switzerland. In January, the deficit plummeted 42.07 percent, from $2.28 billion to $1.32 billion. But that nosedive followed a 77.84 percent surge in December and one of nearly 1,200 percent in November (from a $99.9 million level that was the lowest since May, 2014’s $45.3 million).

Also dramatically up and down have been the goods trade shortfalls with Japan and Taiwan. For the former, the deficit plunged by 30.33 percent in January – from $7.09 billion to $4.94 billion. But that drop followed a 20.58 percent increase in December to the highest level since April, 2019’s $7.35 billion.

The Taiwan goods deficit soared by 52.44 percent in January, from $2.80 billion to $3.68 billion. But this rise followed a 33.65 percent December drop that was the biggest since the 43.18 percent of February, 2020 – when the CCP Virus was shutting down the economy of China, a key link of the supply chains of many of the island’s export-oriented manufacturers.

Finally, the goods deficit with India skyrocketed by 106.55 percent in January, from $2.41 billion to that record $4.99 billion. That total surpassed the $4.44 billion shortfall the United States ran up with India last May, but the more-than-doubling was far from a record growth rate. That was achieved with a 146.76 percent burst in July, 2019.

Since the widely forecast upcoming U.S. recession seems likely to arrive later this year (assuming it arrives at all) than originally forecast, the trade deficit seems likely to continue increasing, too. But that outcome isn’t inevitable, as shown by the deficit’s shrinkage in the second half of last year, when America’s economic growth rebounded from a shallow recession.

The number of major wildcards out there remains sobering, too, ranging from the path of U.S. inflation and consequent Federal Reserve efforts to fight it by cooling off the economy, to levels of net government spending increases (including at state and local levels), to the strength or weakness of the U.S. dollar, to the pace of China’s economic reopening, to the course of the Ukraine War. 

On balance, though, I’ll stick with my deficit-increasing forecast, since (1) I’m still convinced that the approach of the next presidential election cycle will prevent any major Washington actors from taking any steps remotely likely to curb Americans’ borrowing and spending power significantly for very long; and (2) I’m skeptical that even the strong-sounding Buy American measures  instituted by the Biden administration (mainly in recently approved infrastructure programs and semiconductor industry revival plans, and in the green energy subsidies in the Inflation Reduction Act) will enable much more substitution of domestic manufactures for imports – least in the foreseeable future.          

(What’s Left of) Our Economy: Latest U.S. Growth Figures Confirm (Ambiguous) Recent Trade Trends

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exports, Federal Reserve, GDP, goods trade, gross domestic product, imports, inflation, inflation-adjusted growth, real GDP, real trade deficit, recession, services trade, Trade, trade deficit, {What's Left of) Our Economy

The trade highlights of last Thursday’s second official estimate of U.S. economic growth in the fourth quarter of last year and full-year 2022 were nearly identical to those reported in the first read – pretty good on a quarter-to-quarter basis when it comes to reducing the long bloated trade deficit, but pretty discouraging on a year-to-year basis.

Starting with the quarterly numbers, the new data show that the inflation-adjusted trade gap narrowed somewhat less from the third quarter’s $1.2688 trillion at annual rates than initially reported – by 2.40 percent instead of 2.87 percent. (All value figures in this post will be in after-inflation dollars unless otherwise specified because the most closely followed numbers in the economic growth releases containing these quarterly trade statistics are those that are adjusted for price changes.)

But this means that as of the fourth quarter, the deficit still fell for the third consecutive three-month stretch – the first such span since the period from the second quarter of 2019 through the second quarter of 2020. That’s especially heartening since that stretch includes the CCP Virus’ arrival in the United States, which naturally depressed imports and the trade deficit because it crushed the entire economy. During last year’s third and fourth quarters, of course, the economy expanded.

In that vein, the fourth quarter also remains the second straight to see the economy expand as the overall deficit dropped – the kind of improvement that hasn’t been seen since the year between the second quarter and fourth quarters of 2019, and that signals growth relying more on the healthy combination of investing and producing rather than on the crutch of borrowing and spending.

Moreover, the new fourth quarter level of $1.2384 trillion annualized for the combined goods and services trade shortfall is still the lowest since the $1.2039 trillion recorded in the second quarter of 2021. One discouraging note, though: As with the previous fourth quarter growth report, the new release shows that the trade deficit sank on a decrease of both exports and imports. During the second and thid quarters, it fell because exports advanced and imports retreated.

Another step backward: As of the first fourth quarter report, the trade deficit had increased by 47.98 percent since the last pre-pandemic quarter, the fourth quarter of 2019. But the latest figures show that increase is up to 48.70 percent. At least that result is still better than the 52.35 percent recorded in the third quarter.

In addition, the slight increase in absolute terms of the fourth quarter trade deficit pushed it up from the 6.10 percent of inflation-adjusted gross domestic product (GDP – the standard measure of the economy’s size) to 6.13 percent. In the third quarter, however, this figure stood at 6.33 percent, and the new result is still much lower than the all-time high of 7.47 percent during the first quarter of last year.

Trade’s contribution to fourth quarter growth stayed relatively subdued as well. In the first read, the gap’s shrinkage fueled 0.56 percentage points (19.56 percent) of the estimated 2.86 percent real expansion at annual rates. In other words, had the deficit not changed, fourth quarter constant dollar annualized growth would have been just 2.30 percent.

The second read judges trade’s role as having added 0.46 percentage points (17.36 percent) of 2.65 percent annualized growth – dipping in both absolute and relative terms. And had the shortfall not declined, fourth quarter growth would have been just 2.19 percent.

In the third quarter, the trade deficit’s decrease was responsible for nearly all its growth – 2.86 percentage points of the 3.20 percent annualized price-adjusted GDP increase. That was the biggest absolute amount in 42 years, though far from a long-term high in relative terms.

As mentioned above, the new total export number for the fourth quarter was lower than the first release’s estimate, but only fractionally so. And at $2.5934 trillion at annual rates, these U.S. sales abroad were 0.41 percent less than the third quarter’s all-time high of $2.6041 trillion and still represented the first sequential decrease since the first quarter of last year. At the same time, the new fourth quarter total remains the second best ever.

The new results, though, leave total real exports a mere 0.84 percent above the level of that last pre-pandemic-y fourth quarter of 2019. As of the first read, that increase was 0.92 percent, and as of the third quarter, 1.26 percent.

By contrast, at an annualized $3.8317 trillion, the latest total real import figure was fractionally higher than that in last month’s GDP report, but 1.06 lower than the third quarter result – a dropoff steeper than that of exports. Moreover, this second straight quarterly decrease is still the longest since the year between the second quarter of 2019 and the peak pandemic-y second quarter of 2020. And since the last full pre-pandemic fourth quarter of 2019, they’re up just 12.54 percent as opposed to the 12.43 percent calculable last month and the 13.75 percent since the third quarter.

The second fourth quarter GDP report pegged the annualized trade deficit in goods at $1.4219 trillion – 0.23 percent higher than the first report’s $1.4186 trillion but down 0.74 percent from the third quarter’s $1.4324 trillion.

But despite continued GDP growth, this shortfall still fell for the third straight quarter – a streak that hasn’t been seen since the CCP Virus-dominated period from the fourth quarter of 2019 and the second quarter of 2020. In addition, the new goods trade deficit level was still the best since the $1.4647 trillion of the fourth quarter of 2021.

Consequently, the goods gap has now increased by 33.31 percent since the fourth quarter of 2019. As of last month’s read, the difference was 33 percent even, and as of the third quarter, 34.30 percent.

The longstanding surplus is now judged to have widened sequentially in the fourth quarter by 11.38 percent, from $163.5 billion at annual rates to $182.1 billion. This result marks a downgrade from the first fourth quarter report, which showed a surplus of $184.4 billion at annual rate (the highest such level since the $187.50 billion of the fourth quarter of 2020) and an increase over the third quarter total of 12.78 percent.

With the outsized pandemic-related hit taken by the service sector, this surplus is now still 22.77 percent below the immediate pre-pandemic level of $235.8 billion annualized. In the first GDP read for the fourth quarter, this decline was 21.80 percent, and as of the third quarter, 30.66 percent.

The latest fourth quarter result estimate still reports that goods exports registered their first sequential fall-off since the third quarter of 2021. But that the decrease from the third quarter record total of $1.9101 trillion annualized was greater (by 2.38 percent, to an annualized $1.8647 trillion) than initially judged (2.24 percent, to $1.8647 trillion).

Whereas last month’s GDP report estimated the pandemic period’s goods export improvement at 4.52 percent, it’s now pegged at 4.38 percent since the fourth quarter of 2019. As of the third quarter, goods exports were up 6.92 pecent.

According to the second fourth quarter GDP release, constant dollar goods imports in the fourth quarter fell fractionally less than initially reported, with the $3.2866 trilion anunalized total now down 1.40 percent from the third quarter’s $3.3334 trillion rather than the 1.43 percent reported last month. This decrease also remained the third straight – which hasn’t happened since that economically weak period between the fourth quarter of 2019 through the second quarter of 2020. And the new figure is still the lowest since the $3.2582 trillion recorded in the fourth quarter of 2021.

In inflation-adjusted terms, goods imports are now 15.19 percent higher than in the immediately pre-pandemic-y fourth quarter of 2019, versus the 15.16 percent increase calculable in last month’s GDP release. and the 16.83 percent increase as of the third quarter.

Services exports in the fourth quarter, by contrast, increased by more than judged in last month’s GDP report, to $744.1 billion at annual rates (up 2.99 percent from the third quarter’s $722.5 billion) instead of to $740.0 billion (up 2.42 percent).

This increase remained the tenth straight on a sequential basis, but these overseas sales still expanded from $722.5 billion after inflation at annual rates to $740 billion, a 2.42 percent improvement that represented the tenth straight sequential increase in thse sales. At the same time, real services exports are still down by 5.43 percent from the fourth quarter, 2019 level of $786.6 billion, rather than the 5.44 percent calculable in last month’s release and the 8.17 drop calculable from the third quarter figures.

Inflation-adjusted services imports, though, rose faster in the fourth quarter than the initial read judged – to $562.0 billion at annual rates (up 0.54 percent from the third quarter’s $559.0 billion) instead of edging up fractionally (to $559.6 billion) as initially estimated.

This advance places services imports growth during the pandemic period at two percent versus the 1.56 percent calculable from last month’s release and the 1.45 percent since the third quarter.

Turning to the notably worse annual figures, between 2021 and 2022, the combined goods and services trade gap still widened for a ninth consecutive year, and to a ninth straight yearly record, with the new $1.3566 trillion figure coming in slightly (0.l1 percent) higher than the $1.3551 reported last month. As a result, it’s now pegged at 9.99 percent higher than the 2021 total of $1.2334 trillion, not the 9.87 percent calculable as of the first fourth quarter GDP release.

But since the economy kept growing in real terms, although the total trade shortfall still set its third straight record as a share of GDP, the exact figure stayed at 6.77 percent. Its third quarter counterpart was 6.29 pecent.

The trade shortfall’s contribution to economic growth last year didn’t change much between the first and second GDP reads, either. Last month, it was reported as fueling 0.40 percentage points to a 2.08 percent inflation-adjusted annual growth pace. This month, it’s judged to have added the 0.40 percentage points to a 2.07 percent year-on-year expansion. As noted in last month’s RealityChek post, both figures are far from records.  So had the inflation-adjusted trade deficit not changed, real growth in the fourth quarter would have been a sluggish 1.77 percent. 

The total real exports results were scarcely changed, either. In the first fourth quarter GDP release, the second straight annual increase was pegged at 7.25 percent, from $2.3668 trillion to $2.5384 trillion. That jump was the highest since 2010’s 12.88 percent in 2010 – when the economy was recovering from the Great Recession that followed the Global Financial Crisis.

The second read downgraded the 2002 combined goods and services export total to $2.5378 trillion, resulting in a 7.22 percent annual improvement that remained the strongest since 2010.

Total real imports for 2022 were upgraded marginally, from the $3.8935 trillion estimated last month to $3.8944 trillion. This figure remained both the second consecutive quarterly increase and the second straight quarterly record. In addition, the annual increase went up from 8.15 percent to 8.17 percent from the 2021 level of $3.6002 trillion.

As for the goods trade deficit, it was revised fractionally higher, too, from $1.5220 trillion to $1.5228 trillion. This trade shortfall still represented both the fourth straight all-time annual high, and the thirteenth consecutive increase – itself a new record in a data series that began in 2002. And this shortfall is now 7.69 percent higher than 2021’s $1.4141 trillion, versus the 7.63 percent calculable last month.

The longstanding services trade surplus was revised down in the new GDP figures, from the $162.8 billion estimated last month to $162.3 billion, a difference of 0.31 percent. That means that the yearly decrease was 5.91 percent, not the 5.23 percent previously recorded. But the new 2022 total is still the lowest such number since 2010’s $158.6 billion, and this fifth consecutive annual contraction is the longest such streak ever in another data series that goes back to 2002.

Goods exports of $1.8377 trillion represented a fractional downward revision from the first fourth quarter GDP’s estimate of $1.8383 trillion, and brought annual 2022 growth from 6.33 percent to 6.29 percent. This yearly increase, however, remained the second straight and the annual total a new record – topping 2019’s $1.7915 trillion by 2.61 percent.

At $3.3605 trillion, the new 2022 real goods imports results were virtually unchanged from the previous GDP release’s $3.3603 trillion, and pushed the annual increase from 2021’s $3.1430 trillion from 6.91 percent to 6.92 percent. This figure remained a second consecutive record.

Staying unrevised were the services exports, which are still judged to have surged by 9.90 percent from 2021-2022, the biggest such increases since 2007’s 13.08 percent. In absolute terms, the increase was from $656.9 billion to $717.3 billion..

But services imports rose faster between 2021 and 2022 than previously reported. Instead of climbing by 14.52 percent (from $484.2 billion to $554.0 billion), the increase is now pegged as one of 14.62 percent (to $555.0 billion). The increase was still the fastest ever, surpassing even last year’s robust 12.27 percent.

Although the trade highlights of the first two fourth quarter GDP reports were quite similar, the U.S. economic landscape has undergone some notable changes in the last three months. Inflation seems to have stopped disinflating, at least for the time being (see, e.g., here) no doubt partly as a result because growth has held up better than expected – both domestically and abroad. And surprisingly strong inflation and expansion seem to have firmed the Federal Reserve’s resolve to keep raising interest rates high enough to cool down the continued demand that continues to prop up prices.

But does the Fed really want to tip the economy into recession, especially with a presidential election cycle already in its infancy? Would Congress really permit that to happen, and resist the urge to fill up consumers’ pockets again, whether through more spending or lower taxes or some combination of the two? That would surprise the living daylights out of me, which is why I’m still expecting a short, shallow recession, followed by stagflation – and by steadily worsening trade deficits.

(What’s Left of) Our Economy: A New Post-Virus Normal Emerging in U.S. Trade?

Tags

CCP Virus, coronavirus, COVID 19, goods trade, Trade, Trade Deficits, trade surpluses, Wuhan virus, {What's Left of) Our Economy

Back to the full-year 2022 trade figures today, and the focus is on this question: Is the structure of U.S. trade settling into to a somewhat stable post-CCP Virus pattern? That’s one possible conclusion that can be drawn from a detailed look at U.S. goods trade flows for full-year 2022 and comparing them with those of the year before, and then with those of 2019 – the last full pre-pandemic year.

What they show is that although this structure barely changed between 2021 and 2022, some sizable changes can be seen between 2019 and last year. The evidence comes from examining list of the products that have recorded the biggest trade surpluses and deficits during these years.

For data geeks, these lists are constructed from the U.S.government’s main system for slicing and dicing the economy by industry – the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The level of disaggregation used is the sixth – which in my view enables the clearest and most conveniient way to distinguish between final products (on the goods side of the economy) and their parts and components. With so much production of so many manufactures in particular still so globalized, that’s a crucial distinction. All specific amounts are presented in billions of pre-inflation dollars.

Finally, the numbers for the civilian aeropace sector (whose trade flows are enomous) are kind of funky, because the Census Bureau that gathers the data has been inconsistent in lumping all these numbers together and breaking them down into aircraft and the various types of aircraft parts.

That said, let’s start with the twenty categories that ran up the biggest trade surpluses in 2022 and the magnitude of those surpluses:

aircraft:                                                                           $90.53

natural gas:                                                                     $75.14

petroleum refinery products;                                          $60.51

misc special classification:                                              $35.51

soybeans:                                                                         $34.00

plastics materials and resins:                                           $23.16

waste and scrap:                                                               $20.82

corn:                                                                                 $18.59

non-anthracite coal & petroleum gases:                          $16.44

used or second hand merchandise:                                    $9.38

cotton:                                                                                $9.10

semiconductor machinery:                                                 $9.09

wheat:                                                                                 $7.82

non-poultry meat products:                                                $7.60

motor vehicle bodies:                                                          $7.21

non-aluminum non-ferrous smelted/refined metal:             $6.91

petrochemicals:                                                                    $5.66

tree nuts:                                                                               $5.61

semiconductors and related :                                                $5.59

copper, nickel, lead & zinc:                                                  $5.5

Now here are their counterparts in 2021:

civilian aircraft, engines, and engine parts:                        $79.89

natural gas:                                                                          $54.55 

soybeans:                                                                             $27.07

petroleum refinery products:                                               $26.29

special classification :                                                         $24.90

waste and scrap:                                                                  $21.39

plastics materials and resins:                                               $18.78

corn:                                                                                     $18.58

semiconductor machinery:                                                   $12.21

semiconductors and related devices:                                   $10.62

non-anthracite coal and petroleum gases:                             $9.29

used or second-hand merchandise:                                       $8.56

non-poultry meat products:                                                   $7.83

motor vehicle bodies:                                                            $6.95

wheat:                                                                                    $6.87

cotton:                                                                                    $5.76

copper, nickel, lead and zinc:                                                $5.46

tree nuts:                                                                                $4.69

prepared or preserved poultry:                                              $4.54

miscelleaneous inorganic chemicals:                                    $4.05

What jumps out is how similar these two lists are. In fact, 18 of the biggest surplus sectors for 2021 earned the same distinction in 2022. Even the order of the two lists is strikingly similar. No individual sector moved more than two rungs up or down in the rankings. And even the two 2021 biggest surplus winners that didn’t make the 2022 list, they came awfully close, with prepared or preserved poultry ranking twenty first in 2022 and miscellaneous organic chemicals ranking twenty fourth.

And don’t forget this head-scratcher: Between 2021 and 2022, a trade deficit in non-aluminum non-ferrous smelted and refined metals of $484 billion turned into a $6.91 surplus!

Very similar top twenty results emerge from the 2021 and 2022 lists of sectors with the biggest trade deficits for those years. Here’s the 2022 list:

autos and light trucks:                                                      $112.98

broadcast and wireless communications equipment;         $93.76

goods returned from Canada:                                             $90.79

computers:                                                                          $82.93

crude petroleum:                                                                $81.28

pharmaceutical preparations:                                             $66.02

female cut and sew apparel:                                               $47.85

male cut and sew apparel:                                                  $39.07

footwear:                                                                            $34.56

audio and video equipment:                                               $34.26

iron, steel, ferroalloy steel products:                                  $33.34

miscellaneous motor vehicle parts:                                    $31.17

dolls, toys and games:                                                        $30.79

printed circuit assemblies:                                                 $29.90

major household appliances:                                             $21.08

miscellaneous electronic components:                              $20.99

miscellaneous plastics products:                                       $20.03

storage batteries:                                                               $19.13

aircraft engines and engine parts:                                     $18.34

motor vehicle electrical and electronic equipment:          $17.67

And the top (bottom?) twenty for 2021:

goods returned from Canada:                                           $96.13

autos and light trucks:                                                      $95.84

broadcast and wireless communications equipment:       $80.02

computers:                                                                        $79.08

crude petroleum:                                                               $63.69

pharmaceutical preparations:                                            $63.57

female cut and sew apparel:                                              $40.98

audio and video equipment:                                              $34.34

male cut and sew apparel:                                                 $29.82

miscellaneous motor vehicle parts:                                   $28.91

dolls, toys and games:                                                       $26.67

printed circuit assemblies:                                                 $26.57

iron and steel and ferroalloy steel products:                      $26.21

footwear:                                                                            $25.81

major household appliances:                                             $20.84

miscellaneous plastics products:                                        $20.51

jewelry and silverware:                                                      $17.77

motor vehicle electrical and electronic equipment:           $16.09

curtains and linens:                                                            $15.23

aircraft engines and engine parts:                                      $14.06

Revealingly, the 2021 and 2022 lists are not only also very much alike each other. They’re alike in a big way very similar to how the surplus lists for the two yeasr are alike: Eighteen of the entries on the 2021 list are on the 2022 list.

The big difference: Movement up and down the ranks was somewhat greater. Three sectors changed places by more than two rungs: footwear (which rose from fourteenth on the 2021 list to ninth in 2022; jewelry and silverware, which dropped from seventeenth to twenty-first; and curtains and linens, which tumbled from nineteenth to twenty-ninth – likely because the domestic housing sector slumped.

But the differences between the 2019 and 2022 lists are more substantial. Here are the former’s top twenty trade surplus winners:

civilian aircraft, engines, and parts:                                $126.02

petroleum refinery products:                                             $30.55

special classification provisions:                                       $24.51

natural gas:                                                                        $21.79

plastics materials and resins:                                             $18.80

soybeans:                                                                           $18.49

waste and scrap:                                                                 $13.07

non-anthracite coal and petroleum gases:                           $9.31

motor vehicle bodies:                                                         $ 9.20

semiconductors and related devices:                                   $9.01

used or second-hand merchandise:                                      $8.80

corn:                                                                                     $7.62

wheat:                                                                                  $5.85

tree nuts:                                                                              $5.10

computer parts:                                                                    $4.79

copper, nickel, lead and zinc:                                              $4.40

miscellaneous basic inorganic chemicals:                           $4.31

prepared or preserved poultry:                                            $3.79

in vitro diagnostic substances:                                            $3.27

surface active agents:                                                          $3.24

Here again, eighteen out of the 2019 entrants made it to the 2022 list. But there were quite a few more big movers and in two cases huge movers. No fewer than nine made shifts of more than two places, including motor vehicle bodies, which sank from nine on the former to 15 on the latter; semiconductors, which plummeted from tenth to nineteenth; corn, which rose from fourth to eighth; copper and the three other metals,which dropped from 16 to 20; miscellaneous inorganic chemicals, which fell from seventeenth to twenty-fourth; and surface active agents, which declined from twentieth to twenty sixth.

Much more dramatic, however, in computer parts, a $4.79 billion surplus turned into a $438 million deficit, and in in vitro diagnostic substances. a $3.27 billion surplus had become a ginormous $15.47 billion deficit by last year –no doubt mainly reflecting exploding demand for CCP Virus tests.

The differences between the 2019 and 2022 top twenty trade deficit sectors were noteworthy, but not quite so. Here are the results for 2019:

autos and light trucks:                                                      $125.47

goods returned from Canada:                                             $91.23

broadcast and wireless communications equipment:         $73.02

pharmaceutical preparations:                                             $62.24

crude oil:                                                                             $61.91

computers:                                                                          $59.44

female cut and sew apparel:                                               $42.07

male cut and sew apparel:                                                  $30.88

aircraft engines and engine parts:                                      $25.68

footwear:                                                                           $25.39

miscellaneous motor vehicle parts:                                   $23.21

audio and video equipment:                                              $22.36

non-diagnostic biological products:                                  $17.31

dolls, toys and games:                                                       $17.28

iron, steel and ferroalloy steel products:                           $16.95

printed circuit assemblies:                                                 $16.71

motor vehicle electrical and electronic equipment:           $14.36

non-engine aircaft parts:                                                    $14.33

major household appliances:                                              $14.12

miscellaneous plastics products:                                        $12.86

As with the surplus list, eighteen of the top twenty deficit 2019 showed up on the counterpart 2022 list. But whereas nine sectors made moves of more than two places between the coresponding surplus lists, that was the case for only six sectors in the deficit lists. They were iron, steel and ferroalloy products (fifteenth to eleventh); motor vehicle electrical and electronic equipment (seventeenth to twentieth); non-engine aircraft parts (eighteenth to fifty sixth); major household appliances (nineteenth to fifteenth); and miscellaneous plastics products (twentieth to seventeenth). In addition, the non-diagnostic biological substances went from a $17.31 billion deficit in 2019 to a $4.17 billion surplus in 2022! 

As with any economic developments coming out of the pandemic era, it may be way too soon to draw sweeping conclusions. So the structure of U.S. trade deficits and surpluses will be worth watching going forward. But it’s not too soon to ask whether these trends seem likely to benefit or harm the economy’s health longer term – or won’t matter much either way. And that will be the subject  of the upcoming final (for now) deep dive into the 2022 U.S. trade figures.        

(What’s Left of) Our Economy: The Real Deal with 2022’s U.S. Trade Deficits

Tags

China, goods trade, non-oil goods trade, services trade, tariffs, Trade, Trade Deficits, {What's Left of) Our Economy

While I was on an odd (but not serious) medical hiatus from blogging this past week, the official U.S. trade data for December came out.  And since they contain the year-end results, I figured they’re amply worth reporting on even though they’re no longer breaking news.

But we’ll do it a little differently in this first cut at the numbers, which will focus on the broadest categories of U.S. trade flows and – at least as important – put them in context. That’s especially important because the raw statistics could easily prompt fears that the deficit is spinning out of control – including the gap with China – and from astronomical levels. Because it’s not – though the absolute numbers shouldn’t please anyone even given that CCP Virus pandemic-related distortions still permeate them. A particular reason for concern: The total deificit and most of the main sub-deficits have widened last year in the worst possible way, with exports down and imports up.

Let’s start with the combined goods and services trade shortfall, which grew by 12.19 percent on year in 2022 from $845.05 billion to $948.06 billion. (All these value figures are presented in pre-inflation dollars – the trade data most closely followed by students of the economy.) That’s the second straight new annual record, but the growth rate was down considerably from 2021’s whopping 29.21 percent and 2020’s 16.85 percent.

Moreover, at 3.72 percent, the overall trade deficit as a share of the nation’s economy (its gross domestic product, or GDP) inched up just from 3.62 percent in 2021. And the trade gap as a percentage of GDP was way off the record 5.53 percent, set in 2006.

The trade shortfall in goods hit a larger $1.19598 trillion – up from 2021’s $1.06835 trillion by 11.95 percent, and representing 4.68 percent of GDP. In this case, the growth rate was much lower than 2021’s 19.30 percent. And as a share of the economy, it was unchanged from the 2021 figure and a far cry from its peak of 6.06 percent, also set in 2006.

Services trade, long in surplus, saw its excess of exports over imports dip for the fourth straight year, although the 2022 decline of 0.63 percent (from $245.25 billion to $243.69 billion was much smaller than in 2021 (5.64 percent) or 2020 (12.66 percent).

As known by RealityChek readers, non-oil goods trade is the portion of U.S. trade flows that’s been most significantly affected by U.S. trade agreements and other policy decisions. This trade gap increased by 11.95 percent from 2021-2022, from $1.06835 trillion to $1.19598 trillion. That latter total was the eighth consecutive all-time high, but as a percentage of GDP, it climbed just from 4.58 percent to 4.70 percent between 2021 and 2022. The growth rate here was also considerably lower than in 2021 (16.58 percent) but slightly higher than 2020’s 10.24 percent.

In an important twist, however, this “Made in Washington” deficit’s share of the economy hit its eighth straight record, too – but mainly because the oil has become a much smaller proportion of the overall deficit and these non-oil goods a much bigger proportion.

Finally, goods trade with China is being kept under control as well – not insignificantly because of the steep, sweeping tariffs on goods imports from China imposed by former President Trump that have been substantially continued by President Biden.

As a percent of GDP, the goods trade gap with China of $382.92 billion came to 1.50 percent – a bit lower than 2021’s 1.52 percent, and well below the all-time high of 2.04 percent in 2018, the year the Trump tariffs began.

Also especially interesting: Since U.S. non-oil goods trade is a close proxy for U.S.-China goods trade, the continued increase in the former’s deficit as a share of GDP and the recent decrease in the latter also point to the effectivness of the Trump-Biden levies in curbing America’s economic engagement with an increasingly dangerous strategic adversary.

Tomorrow we’ll concentrate on .the 2022 annual results in manufacturing and high tech trade, as well as U.S. commerce with major trade partners

(What’s Left of) Our Economy: When Trade Reporters Can’t (Or Won’t?) Read Their Own Chart

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Bloomberg, CCP Virus, China, coronavirus, COVID 19, exports, global financial crisis, goods trade, Great Recession, imports, services trade, Trade, {What's Left of) Our Economy

I was going to focus this morning on the new U.S. official productivity data but then came across a chart about U.S.-China trade flows that was so ditzy that the data it portrayed completely belied a crucial part of the headline. So the productivity analysis will have to wait a bit. 

Here’s the chart, including the subtitle,”Despite heated rhetoric, trade with China shows no signs of slowing down,” which appeared in this version of a new Bloomberg report:

But unless I’ve suddenly developed real vision problems, it’s clear that that’s exactly what the chart shows since 2014 as compared to the years before. Here’s the actual data on annual changes in the value of bilateral goods exports and imports courtesy of the same U.S. Census Bureau figures on which the Bloomberg reporters in question based their conclusion:

Between 2014 and 2021, two-way Sino-American goods trade added up to $656.38 billion. Since 2014, it rose by 10.85 percent.

Between 2007 and 2014, this total rose by 77.08 percent. That’s not a slowdown – and a big one?

Yes, the Bloomberg chart only goes through November, 2022 (the latest data available). But two-way U.S.-China trade advanced by just 7.75 percent between the first eleven months of 2021 and the first eleven months of last year, so December’s results won’t make much of a difference.

Has the CCP Virus distorted the picture? Of course it’s affected the trade flows by significantly slowing the economies of both countries. But the 2007-2008 global financial crisis and ensuing Great Recession made a big difference, too. And although its impact on China’s economy didn’t remotely match the impact on America, the U.S. economy’s long recovery from that major slump was the weakest from a recession on record. And still bilateral goods trade (especially goods imports from China) surged.

Would counting services trade make a difference? No. Comparing changes in these sectors with those in goods sectors is complicated by the lag with which such exports and imports are reported officially. In fact, the latest numbers I could find go only through 2021. But as made clear by those 2021 figures supplied by the Congressional Research Service ($61.0 billion), and numbers from the U.S. Trade Representative’s office for the final pre-pandemic year 2019 ($76.7 billion), they’re far too small to change the trends notably.

It’s also crucial to observe that the headline claim about U.S.-China trade breaking records is fatally flawed, too. For it omits vital context.  Sure, in absolute terms, this commerce is at an all-time high. But much more important, as a share of the U.S. economy?  Not even close. In 2021, combined Sino-American goods imports and exports came to 2.82 percent of total U.S. output.  In 2014, just to use one comparison, this number was 3.37 percent.   

The big question raised by these discrepancies between the Bloomberg reporters’ claims and the facts is “Why were they ignored?” I’m not a mind-reader, but here’s my hunch: They stemmed from a desire – maybe witting, maybe not – to reinforce the economics and trade establishment tropes that (a) international trade is driven overwhelmingly by market forces; (b) that there’s nothing constructive or even significant governments can do (e.g., impose tariffs or tech controls) to intervene over any meaningful length of time; and (c) that because China’s become such an economic juggernaut (even with its current struggles) bilateral trade is nothing less than a force of nature that’s simply unstoppable in the larger scheme of things.

None of these contentions is crazy on its face. For example, as the pandemic has ironically demonstrated, literal forces of nature can play a huge role in impacting trade flows and their interpretation. (Unless the CCP Virus was produced by gain-of-function research?) So can non-policy-related influences like the Laws of Small and Large numbers, which tell us that big percentage changes are easier to generate from modest starting points than from less modest starting points.

But as of now, by the main measures, a major slowdown in U.S.-China trade unquestionably has taken place, and the possible policy implications shouldn’t be overlooked:  Since the erroneous conventional wisdom strongly supported the hands-off approach taken by pre-Trump administrations, this loss of momentum looks very much like an endorsement of the hands-on strategy pursued since.