Unless you don’t think that voting with one’s feet speaks volumes about what people like and dislike, (and how could you not, given what a pain most sane people consider moving to be?), you have to agree that data released last week by the U.S. Census Bureau data sent a powerful message about heavy CCP Virus-induced restrictions on various aspects of their lives. In a phrase, they can’t stand them. Or maybe they can’t stand how they’ve been implemented, which is pretty much the same thing.
Of course, people move for all sorts of reasons. But it’s undeniably striking that the Census data on which states gained and lost the most population during roughly the first pandemic year (April 1, 2020-July 1, 2021) show that those with relatively light anti-virus regimes have generally gained new residents, and those with relatively heavy rules and regulations experienced declines.
The most revealing indicator of these trends isn’t the headline set of population increases and decreases by state during the above time period. After all, those figures also include natural births and deaths (mainly because here we’re trying to measure not the states’ individual records in fighting the virus, but how Americans perceive them), as well as changes due to international migration (which say almost nothing about how the perceptions of the U.S. population as of spring, 2020).
Instead, the best indicators of public opinion about pandemic policies are the domestic migration data – that is, Americans’ movements among states over this latest data year. They’re found in the third spreadsheet listed under “Tables” at this link, and the states’ April, 2020 populations that are used as the baseline are in the second spreadsheet.
Our methodology? Comparing the new Census findings with Wallethub.com‘s ranking of individual states’ levels of virus restrictions as of this past April. Let’s start with a list of the ten states (out of 51, including the District of Columbia) that have performed best in absolute terms in attracting residents from other states (listed from most to least successful), with their restrictiveness rankings next to them. (The lower the number, the less restrictive a state.)
Florida 263,958 2
Texas 211,289 5
Arizona 119,650 15
North Carolina 106,884 28
South Carolina 78,812 7
Tennessee 73,472 16
Georgia 59,979 24
Idaho 56,439 11
Utah 36,084 18
Nevada 34,280 30
What this list shows is that eight of these ten states are among the 50 percent of states that have the fewest anti-CCP Virus restrictions, three of the ten are among the five least restrictive, and four of the ten are in the ten least restrictive. That looks like the least restrictive states have been awfully attractive to Americans.
Similar results come from the list of the ten states that have attracted the most domestic movers as a share of their populations in April, 2020:
Idaho 3.07 11
Montana 1.98 10
Arizona 1.67 15
South Carolina 1.54 7
Delaware 1.45 49
Maine 1.25 43
Florida 1.23 2
Nevada 1.10 30
Utah 1.10 18
New Hampshire 1.07 22
Tennessee 1.06 16
Again, eight of this group of ten are found among the half of states with the fewest pandemic restrictions. The correlation, though, is slightly weaker. After all, Delaware and Maine are big outliers, attracting relatively large numbers of domestic movers despite having super-strict approaches to fighting and containing the virus. In addition, only one of these states is in the top five least restrictive states, and just three in the top ten least restrictive. Overall, though, this list supports the case that the least restrictive states have been popular moving destinations for Americans.
But does the opposite conclusion hold – that the most restrictive states have performed especially poorly in this demographic popularity contest? The following list of the ten states that have lost the most residents in absolute terms to other states, along with their restrictiveness rankings, says the answer is “It sure does.”
California 429,383 45
New York 406,257 46
Illinois 151,512 34
Massachusetts 54,339 38
New Jersey 39,954 41
Louisiana 36,854 27
Maryland 26,666 26
DC 23,222 50
Hawaii 16,174 37
Minnesota 15,947 40
All of these states are in the group of 50 percent of states with the most virus restrictions, four of the ten are in the group of the ten most restrictive, and California and New York are among the five most restrictive states.
As with the states with the biggest percentage domestic migration increases, the list of states with the biggest relative domestic migration decreases is consistent with a strong correlation between virus policies and population gains, but one that’s not quite as strong as the relationship between virus policies and population change among states with the biggest absolute population losses.
DC 3.38 50
New York 2.01 46
Illinois 1.18 34
Hawaii 1.11 37
California 1.08 45
North Dakota 0.91 17
Alaska 0.81 6
Louisiana 0.79 27
Mass. 0.77 38
New Jersey 0.43 41
Maryland 0.43 26
Here, BTW, we’re dealing with eleven states, because New Jersey and Maryland have lost equal percentages of their populations. But this list reveals that two of the eleven are among the half of states with the fewest virus restrictions (versus none among the states with the biggest absolute domestic migration losses). Moreover, Alaska is one of the ten least restrictive states and North Dakota is among the twenty least restrictive.
At the same time, nine of the eleven are in the half of states that are most restrictive, two are among the ten most restrictive (the District and New York), with California right behind them. Moreover, the strength of the relationship between extensive CCP Virus restrictions and big population losses becomes even clearer given the outsized roles played by highly restrictive California and New York. Together, they account for fully 65.49 percent of the 1.276 million Americans who have moved from high-restriction to low-restriction states. (There’s considerable concentration among the states that have gained domestic migrants, but the top two – Florida and Texas – represent only 475,247 out of this total 1.066 million population, or 44.60 percent.
But there’s still the question of whether the population change and virus regime relationship looks the same when the variables are flipped. In other words, have the least restrictive states performed well and the most restrictive performed poorly in terms of population gains and losses? Here’s that list (starting with the least restictive state), including these states’ population changes in absolute and percentage terms:
Iowa -1,116 -0.04
Florida +263,958 +1.23
Wyoming +1,531 +0.27
South Dakota +5,566 +0.63
Texas +211,289 +0.72
Alaska -5,912 -0.81
South Carolina +78,812 +1.54
Mississippi (tie) -7,132 -0.24
Oklahoma (tie) +27,589 +0.70
Montana +21,483 +1.98
Of the ten least restrictive states, seven have gained population, and three have gained lots both in absolute terms and percentage terms (Florida, South Carolina, and Texas). Moreover, one of the loser states (Iowa) has barely lost anyone by either measure.
And now for the population changes in the most restrictive states (starting with the most restrictive), again with the increases or decreases presented alongside their names in both absolute and percentage terms:
Vermont +4,470 +0.70
DC -23,322 -3.38
Delaware +14,387 +1.45
Virginia -11,294 -0.13
Washington (tie) +9,408 +0.12
New York (tie) -406,257 +2.01
California -429,383 +1.08
Maine +17,003 +1.25
Connecticut +226 +0.01
Rhode Island +291 +0.03
Among these most restrictive states, the correlation at first glance doesn’t look strong at all. Only three – the District, New York, and California – suffered a net migration outflow during the first pandemic year. But look below the surface and some of the relationship reappears. After all, two of the three are highly restrictive California and New York, whose population losses are enormous in absolute terms and significant in percentage terms. The other, the even more restrictive District of Columbia, saw an astonishing 3.38 percent of its people leave for other states – the highest percentage change whether we’re talking population increases of decreases.
Qualifiers for these conclusions should be kept in mind on top of those concerning multiple possibilities for inter-state moves. First and foremost, I haven’t compared these migration patterns with those of past years. If they turn out to be broadly similar, then maybe the CCP Virus isn’t a main determinant at all – and in this vein, the popularity of Sun Belt states like Florida, Arizona, and Texas is nothing new. Nor are departures from northeastern states like New York and New Jersey.
At the same time, Florida and Texas in particular have gotten terrible publicity all year long for their loose virus restrictions. (Google, e.g., “Death-Santis.”) And not only was Califonia’s annual population decline its first ever, but domestic out-migration was responsible for 143 percent of it. (Positive population developments like births made up the difference.) So something out of the ordinary demographically seems to have gone on in at least some big states during that first pandemic year. And if it wasn’t the virus, I’d sure like to know what else it could have been.